The Tragic Misunderstanding of Atheist Humanism | Henri de Lubac | IgnatiusInsight.com
The Tragic Misunderstanding of Atheist Humanism | Henri de Lubac | From Chapter One of
The Drama of Atheist Humanism
http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2007/hdelubac_atheism_july07.asp
A wonderful piece of sculpture adorning the cathedral of Chartres represents Adam, head and shoulders barely roughed out,
emerging from the earth from which he was made and being molded by the hands of God. The face of the first man reproduces
the features of his modeler. This parable in stone translates for the eyes the mysterious words of Genesis: "God made man
in his own image and likeness."
From its earliest beginnings Christian tradition has not
ceased to annotate this verse, recognizing in it our first title
of nobility and the foundation of our greatness. Reason, liberty, immortality and dominion over nature are so many prerogatives of divine origin that God has imparted to his creatures. Establishing man from the outset in God's likeness, each
of these prerogatives is meant to grow and unfold until the
divine resemblance is brought to perfection. Thus they are the
key to the highest of destinies.
"Man, know thyself!" Taking up, after Epictetus, the Socratic gnôthi seauton, the Church transformed and deepened it, [1] so that what had been chiefly a piece of moral advice became an exhortation to form a metaphysical judgment. Know yourself, said the Church, that is to say, know your nobility and your dignity, understand the greatness of your being and your
vocation, of that vocation which constitutes your being. Learn
how to see in yourself the spirit, which is a reflection of God,
made for God. "O man, scorn not that which is admirable
in you! You are a poor thing in your own eyes, but I would
teach you that in reality you are a great thing! ... Realize what
you are! Consider your royal dignity! The heavens have not
been made in God's image as you have, nor the moon, nor
the sun, nor anything to be seen in creation .... Behold, of all
that exists there is nothing that can contain your greatness." [2]
Philosophers have told man that he is a "microcosm", a little
world made of the same elements, given the same structure,
subject to the same rhythms as the great universe; they have
reminded him that he is made in its image and is subject to
its laws; they have made him into part of the mechanism or,
at most, into an epitome of the cosmic machine. Nor were
they completely mistaken. Of man's body and of all that, in
man, can be called "nature", it is true. But if man digs deeper
and if his reflection is illuminated by what is said in Sacred
Scripture, he will be amazed at the depths opening up within
him. [3] Unaccountable space extends before his gaze. In a sort
of infinitude he overflows this great world on all sides, and
in reality it is that world, "macrocosm", which is contained in
this apparent "microcosm" . . . in parvo magnus. That looks like
a paradox borrowed from one of our great modern idealists.
Far from it. First formulated by Origen, then by Saint Gregory Nazianzen, it was later repeated by many others. [4] Saint Thomas
Aquinas was to give much the same translation of it when he
said that the soul is in the world continens magis quam contenta--containing it rather than contained by it--and it found fresh utterance through the lips of Bossuet. [5]
Man, to be sure, is made of dust and clay; or, as we should say
nowadays, he is of animal origin--which comes to the same
thing. The Church is not unmindful of this, finding a warrant
for it in the same passage of Genesis. Man, to be sure, is also a
sinner. The Church does not cease to remind him of that fact.
The self-esteem that she endeavors to instill into him is not
the outcome of a superficial and ingenuous view of the matter.
Like Christ, she knows "what there is in man". But she also
knows that the lowliness of his origin in the flesh cannot detract from the sublimity of his vocation, and that, despite all the
blemishes that sin may bring, that vocation is an abiding source
of inalienable greatness. The Church thinks that this greatness
must reveal itself even in the conditions of present-day life,
as a fount of liberty and a principle of progress, the necessary
retaliation upon the forces of evil. And she recognizes in the
mystery of God-made-man the guarantee of our vocation and
the final consecration of our greatness. Thus in her liturgy she
can celebrate each day "the dignity of the human substance" [6]
even before rising to the contemplation of our rebirth.
These elementary truths of our faith seem commonplace today--though we neglect their implications all too often. It is difficult for us to imagine the disturbance they created in
the soul of man in the ancient world. At the first tidings of
them humanity was lifted on a wave of hope. It was stirred by
vague premonitions that, at the recoil, sharpened its awareness
of its state of misery. It became conscious of deliverance. To
begin with, needless to say, it was not an external deliverance--not that social liberation which was to come, for instance,
with the abolition of slavery. That liberation, which presupposed a large number of technical and economic conditions,
was brought about slowly but surely under the influence of
the Christian idea of man. [7] "God", says Origen, in his commentary on Saint John, "made all men in his own image, he
molded them one by one." [8] But from the outset that idea had
produced a more profound effect. Through it, man was freed,
in his own eyes, from the ontological slavery with which Fate
burdened him. The stars, in their unalterable courses, did not,
after all, implacably control our destinies. Man, every man, no
matter who, had a direct link with the Creator, the Ruler of the
stars themselves. And lo, the countless Powers--gods, spirits, demons--who pinioned human life in the net of their tyrannical wills, weighing upon the soul with all their terrors, now
crumbled into dust, and the sacred principle that had gone astray
in them was rediscovered unified, purified and sublimated in
God the deliverer! It was no longer a small and select company
that, thanks to some secret means of escape, could break the
charmed circle: it was mankind as a whole that found its night
suddenly illumined and took cognizance of its royal liberty. No
more circle! No more blind destiny! No more Moira! No more
Fate! Transcendent God, God the "friend of men", revealed in
Jesus, opened for all a way that nothing would ever bar again. [9]
Hence that intense feeling of gladness and of radiant newness
to be found everywhere in early Christian writings. It is much
to be regretted that this literature for so many reasons, not all
of which are insuperable, should be so remote from us today.
What wealth and force our faith is forfeiting by its ignorance
of, for instance, the hymns of triumph and the stirring appeals
that echo in the Protrepticus of Clement of Alexandria! [10]
But if we look down the course of the ages to the dawn of
modern times we make a strange discovery. That same Christian idea of man that had been welcomed as a deliverance was
now beginning to be felt as a yoke. And that same God in
whom man had learned to see the seal of his own greatness
began to seem to him like an antagonist, the enemy of his dignity. Through what misunderstandings and distortions, what
mutilations and infidelities, what blinding pride and impatience
this came about would take too long to consider. The historical
causes are numerous and complex. But the fact remains, simple
and solid. No less than the Early Fathers, the great medieval
scholars had exalted man by setting forth what the Church had always taught of his relation to God: "In this is man's greatness,
in this is man's worth, in this he excels every creature." [11] But
the time came when man was no longer moved by it. On the
contrary, he began to think that henceforward he would forfeit his self-esteem and be unable to develop in freedom unless
he broke first with the Church and then with the Transcendent Being upon whom, according to Christian tradition, he
was dependent. At first assuming the aspect of a reversion to
paganism, this urge to cut loose increased in scope and momentum in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries until, after
many phases and many vicissitudes, it came to a head in the
most daring and destructive form of modern atheism: absolute
humanism, which claims to be the only genuine kind and inevitably regards a Christian humanism as absurd.
This atheist humanism is not to be confused with a hedonist and coarsely materialist atheism--a commonplace phenomenon to be found in many periods of history. It is also
quite contrary in principle-if not in its results-to an atheism of despair. But it would be dangerous to call it a critical
atheism and let it go at that. It does not profess to be the simple answer to a speculative problem and certainly not a purely
negative solution: as if the understanding, having, on the attainment of maturity, set itself to "reconsider" the problem of
God, had at last been obliged to see that its efforts could lead
to nothing or even that they were leading to an end that was
the opposite of what they had long believed. The phenomenon
that has dominated the history of the mind during the last few
centuries seems both more profound and more arbitrary. It is
not the intelligence alone that is involved. The problem posed
was a human problem--it was the human problem--and the
solution that is being given to it is one that claims to be positive. Man is getting rid of God in order to regain possession
of the human greatness that, it seems to him, is being unwarrantably withheld by another. In God he is overthrowing an
obstacle in order to gain his freedom.
Modern humanism, then, is built upon resentment and begins with a choice. It is, in Proudhon's word, an "antitheism".
In Proudhon, this antitheism operated first of all in the social
field, where it was chiefly a struggle against a false idea of Providence. [12] It was a refusal to be resigned to the "economic contradictions", productive of poverty, for which a more or less
conscious conspiracy on the part of economists and property-owners claimed the sanction of heaven and which they sometimes even went so far as to extol as "harmonies". Thus Proudhon laid the blame not so much upon God himself as upon a
certain form of recourse to his authority. Subsequently extending his conception to the metaphysical field, he still thought
that God was "inexhaustible": the struggle in which man
necessarily wrestled with God was an "eternal struggle"; "the
hypothesis of a God" was reborn every time "from its resolution in human reality"; always, after the denials and exclusions,
there was a resurgence of something beyond man--Proudhon
for the most part called it justice--which imposed itself upon
man and prevented him from ever taking himself for God.
Thus Proudhon, even when undergoing the influence and
appropriating the language of those whom he calls "the human-
ists" or "the new atheists", expressly refuses to follow them. [13]
Antitheism, as conceived by them, is something more radical.
They go farther in opposition and denial because they set out
from a more complete refusal. The story is a dramatic one. At
its maximum point of concentration, it is the great crisis of
modern times, that same crisis in which we are involved today
and which takes its outward course in disorder, begets tyran-
nies and collective crimes, and finds its expression in blood,
fire and ruin.
ENDNOTES:
[1] See, for example, Clement of Alexandria, Stromates, 17, c. 3; Basil, Homilies. Cf. Dt 15:9. Cf. André Jean Festugière, L'Idéal religieux des Grecs et l'Évangile (Paris: J. Gabalda, 1932), pp. 23-24; Étienne Gilson, La Théologie mystique de saint Bernard (Paris: Vrin, 1934), pp. 91-93 and 181-82; L'Esprit de la philosophie médiévale (Paris: Vrin, 1932), vol. 2, pp. 6-8.
[2] Gregory of Nyssa, In cantica, homily 2; De mortuis; Pseudo-Nyssa, First Homily on the Creation of Man; Basil, In psalmum 48, 8, etc. "The masters",
Meister Eckhart also says, "teach that the least noble part of the soul is more
noble than what is loftiest in the sky": "Le Livre de la consolation divine", in
the French trans.: Traités et sermons (1942), p. 76.
[3] Gregory of Nyssa, On the Creation of Man, c. 16. John Damascene, De duabus voluntatibus. Maximus the Confessor, Mystagogia, Ambiguorum liber, etc. Cf.
Isaac de Stella, sermon 2: "Redi ad cor. Foris pecus es, ad imaginem mundi;
unde et minor mundus dicitur homo. Intus homo, ad imaginem Dei: unde
potest deiuicari" (PL 194, 1695).
[4] Origen, Fifth Homily on Leviticus; cf. First Homily on Genesis, n. 12. Gregory of Nazianzen, 38th Discourse, c. II. Andrew of Crete, First Sermon on the Assumption of Mary. Jacob of Edessa, Hexaemeron. Meister Eckhart, "Sermon sur Luc I, 26", in the French trans. by Paul Petit: Sermons-traités (1942), pp. 14-15.
[5] Jacques Bossuet, Sermon sur l'Annunciation.
6 Roman Catholic Mass, Offertory: "Deus, qui human substanti dignitatem mirabiliter condidisti. Bruno of Segni: "Magnus honor, magna nobilitas, ad Dei imaginem et similitudinem esse hominem factum!" Tractatus de interiori domo: "Intellige dignitatem tuam, nobilis creatura!" (PL 184, 547). Cf. Arnold of Bonneval (PL 189, 1534), etc.
[7] We can subscribe to the following reflections of Commander Lefebvre
des Noettes, L'Attelage; le cheval de selle a travers les âges (Paris: Picard, 1931), p.
178: "Moral factors are not alone in governing human destinies; there are, in
addition to them, pressing material conditions and, in our opinion, it would
be impossible to understand the social movement of the Middle Ages, one of
the most profound humanity has known, if one were to ignore the brilliant invention that, under the first Capetians, revolutionized methods of transportation, endowed industry with new and almost unlimited possibilities and made
man a powerful force." But, in his conclusion, the author exceeds the limits of
his own thought by writing that the study of this invention makes us penetrate
"into the profound area of causes". Robert Aron and Arnaud Dandieu put it
better in La Revolution nécessaire (Paris: Grasset, 1933), p. 78: "Thanks to those
technical inventions that have remained anonymous, the tendencies proper to
the new society can be freely developed." Cf. Hegel, Philosophie de l'histoire
(French trans. by Gibelin of Vorlesungen fiber die Philosophie der Geschichte), vol.
2, p. 116.
[8] Origen, Commentary on Saint John, vol. 13, no. 28 (PG 14, 468).
[9] Cf. Festugière, pp. 101-I5 and 161-69. Louis Bouyer, Le Mystère pascal, pp. 111 and 115. The Apostles of Christ were "the apostles of freedom": Saint
Irenaeus, Adversus haereses, I, 3, c. 13, and I, 4, c. 56.
[10] Mondésert translation, in the Sources chrétiennes series (1943). See particularly the first and last chapter.
[11] Saint Thomas, De malo, q. 5, a. 1; Contre gentiles, I, 3, c. 147. Francois
Tolet, In primam partem S. Thomas. All the Scotists, etc.
[12] He says: "The myth of providence".
[13] Philosophie de la misère, vol. I, pp. 253, 388-89, 397-98, etc.
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Henri de Lubac, S.J. (1896-1991) was a French Jesuit and one of the greatest theologians of the twentieth century. De Lubac was
ordained a priest on August 22, 1927, pursued further studies
in Rome until 1929, and then became a faculty member at Catholic Faculties
of Theology of Lyons, where he taught history of religions until 1961.
His pupils included Jean
Daniélou and Hans Urs
von Balthasar. De Lubac was created cardinal deacon by Pope John Paul II on February
2, 1983 and received the red biretta and the deaconry of S. Maria in Domnica,
February 2, 1983. He died on September 4, 1991, Paris and is buried in
a tomb of the Society of Jesus at the Vaugirard cemetery in Paris. For more about his life and a listing of his books published
by Ignatius Press, visit his IgnatiusInsight.com author page.
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